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Clinical pharmacy is an important part of hospital pharmacy. Education of clinical pharmacy is one of the most important tasks in clinical pharmacy personnel training. At present, there is a considerable progress in the development of clinical pharmacy education in China, however, the professional quality of clinical pharmacists is still insufficient and there is a gap between the disciplinary education and clinical practice. In this article, we discuss the origin, development, academic degree, curriculum, teaching methods and practice certification of clinical pharmacy education in China and in United States, in order to explore the applicable methods of clinical pharmacy education in China. It will provide ideas and references for the optimization of the training of clinical pharmacy professionals, accelerating the development of clinical pharmacy in China.
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ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China and has spread rapidly worldwide. We present a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection in a baby with non-productive cough and normal chest computed tomography, in whom only anal swabs tested positive by real-time PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. She was given atomization inhalation therapy with recombinant human interferon alfa-1b for 10 days. Her anal swabs remained positive for eight days, whereas her throat swabs were persistently negative by real-time PCR testing. Mild and asymptomatic cases, especially in children, might present with PCR negative pharyngeal/nasal swabs and PCR positive anal swabs. Those patients are potential sources of infection via fecal-oral transmission for COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Anal Canal/virology , China , Pandemics , Betacoronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19ABSTRACT
@#The most severe form of rapidly progressing posterior retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity(AP-ROP). It is a rare disease, usually progresses to stage 5 without through the classic stage 1-3, eventually leading to irreversible loss of vision. The therapeutic approaches mainly include laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs and vitrectomy. In this article, we reviewed the above advances of AP-ROP treatment.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effect of daily temperature on hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in children under 5 years old in Jingzhou city.@*Methods@#HFMD incidence data and meteorological data in Jingzhou city were obtained during 2010 and 2017. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was utilized to investigate the impact of daily temperature on HFMD incidence among children under 5 years old adjusting for potential confounders of other meteorological factors, secular trend, weekdays and holidays.@*Results@#A total of 47 525 cases were reported during 2010 to 2017, of which the ratio of male to female was 1.52. Children under 1 year old, 1-<3 years old, 3-5 years old accounted for 9.72%, 62.10%, and 28.18% of the total cases, respectively. Children cared at home and children care in kindergarten accounted for 73.29% and 26.71% of the total cases, respectively. The relationship between the temperature and the daily cases of HFMD in children under five years old was a ‘M’ pattern. Compared with a reference temperature (the 50 th percentile of average temperature during the study period, P 50), the maximum value of effect at 8.21 ℃ and 25.81 ℃ were 1.53(95%CI=1.33-1.76) and 1.47(95%CI=1.31-1.65). Higher temperatures (such as 25.81 ℃ in this paper) showed a long lag effect on the HFMD incidence compared with lower temperatures (such as 8.21 ℃). Subgroup analyses indicated that children aged 3-5 years (children who attended daycare) were more vulnerable to the effects of temperature changes on HFMD than those under 1 year old and 1-<3-year-old (cared at home).@*Conclusion@#The temperature has a significant impact on the HFMD incidence among children under five years old in Jingzhou. Daycare centers is the key place for prevention and control of HFMD.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of BIX01294 (BIX), a methyltransferase inhibitor, on the migration and decidualization of the stromal cells in mouse uterus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Mouse endometrial stromal cells were isolated and cultured from the uterus of pregnant mice on day 3.5 of gestation. The migration and decidualization of mouse endometrial stromal cells treated with BIX at different concentrations were observed with wound healing assay and real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The migration distance of mouse endometrial stromal cells increased as the BIX concentration increased within the range below 15 µmol/L. Compared with the control cells, the cells treated with BIX (15 µmol/L) showed significantly increased migration distances, but increasing BIX concentration to 20 µmol/L did not further increase the cell migration distance and began to cause cell death. Compared with the control cells, the BIX-treated stromal cells exhibited significantly down-regulated expression of Ehmt2 mRNA, and 15 µmol/L BIX caused inhibition of decidualization in the stromal cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Within a defined concentration range, BIX promotes the migration and inhibits decidualization of mouse uterine stromal cells by inhibiting the expression of Ehmt2 mRNA.</p>
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect the expression of FABP7 in the placenta of pregnant mice and in HTR-8/Svneo cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect FABP7 mRNA and protein expressions in the uterine and placental tissue of pregnant mice at different days of gestation. FABP7 expression was also detected in cultured HTR-8/Svneo cells using immunofluorescence assay. The mice were treated with E, Por their combination for 6 and 24 h and Fabp7 mRNA level in the uterus was detected with real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 7.5-10.5 days of gestation, the pregnant mice showed positive expressions of Fabp7 mRNA in the uterus and placenta, and FABP7 protein was detected in the decidualized cells and trophoblast giant cells. The expressions of FABP7 were detected at both the mRNA and protein levels in cultured HTR-8/Svneo cells. In mice treated with P4 alone or with E+Pfor 6 and 24 h, the expression level of Fabp7 mRNA was upregulated in the uterus. Fabp7 upregulation was observed in mice at 24 h following Etreatment but not at 6 h.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>FABP7 is expressed in trophoblast giant cells and decidual cells in the placental tissue of mice and in cultured HTR-8/Svneo cells, suggesting the involvement of FABP7 in placental development and in maintenance of pregnancy. Eand Pcan regulate the expression of FABP7 in mouse uterus.</p>